RTV Theory and Practice - Special Issue

others may wish (ог be able to provide) only 15 minutes a week , Groups range from religious to political to ethnic, and are as general as a national political party and as specific as a Jewish university student group . They have great freedom to voice their opinions , and aren't governed by апу laws reguiring ‘balanced' coverage , although the legal system doesn't permit them to incite riot, advocate the use of illegal substances or engage in criminal acts_. Nor may there be апу advertising on the programs , although groups may solicit listener contributions . Thousands of groups use narradio in the three countries . A less revolutionary from of local radio has come to parts of Europe in the 1980s, France authorized the licensing of local private radio in the early 1980S, and at the same time expanded local public radio throughout the nation: as of 1987, there were about 1 , 600 private stations and 35 public ones . West Germany had begun to increase available air time for some subregional stations (e.g. Kurpfalz Radio for the Heidelberg-Mannheim-Ludwigshafen area) at the end of the 1970S and increased that expansion in the 1980S, while some of the West German states began to license private state-wide radio stations in 1985; Bavaria , Rhineland-Falatinate , Schleswig-Holstein , Berlin, Lower Saxony all had them by early 1988, and Bađen-Wurttemburg , Bavaria anđ Hamburg also were licensing private local radio stations by then. The Netherlands permitted private, non-commercial cable radio starting in the mid-l9Bos, anđ the Bntish government as of early 19 88 was considering a Home Office recommendation that would create a new Radio Authority to license low -power local radio stations , commercial and non-commercial, as well as the Independent Local Radio (ILR) stations presently licensed by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA ) . Again , engineering had something to do with those changes. the 197 9 World Administrative Radio Conference had led to a reconsideration of how to use UHF (FM) f reguencies , w.th more space being allocated for radio broadcasting stations and wlth encouragement of the licensing of low-power stations . Relocations began to take effect in the mid 1980s. Pirates continue to operate as of the late 1980s, especiaiiy in the Netherlands (several hundred) , Belgium (perhaps over a thousand, but increasingly tolerated by the authorities, who haven't raided them during the past few years) , and m France and Great Britain (perhaps several hundred m France , several ■ dozen in Great Britain) , as well аз m the Umteđ States , where a shipboard pirate playing ‘non-commercial' pop music was raided in July , 1987. 1£ ) Мапу of the 'activists' who became involved in pirate radio in the late 1970S either have obtamed

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