Пчела

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OAHHMB (SaATiftCKHMB lIOMOptCMB. 01’AaBaa AOaJKHoe HpMen,KHMB BTopaceniaMß BBpyccKyro skhshb, ohb ne 3a61.i8a.i8 h hoabckhxb npHTasaHiii: pasHHpa .ihiiii, ra/iTO y 6aATiftCKaro nooepWKi.a hphxoahaocb OTCTaHBaTB rocyxapcTßeHHO-pyccKia Hanaaa otb neMaBHHCKaro npeodaaAaHia, a bb sanaAHOMB apat Ai.lo IJI.IO 0 KOpeHHOMB pyCCKOMB liapOA'h, HOAHaBmeMB bb SKOHOMH'iecKie h lopHAH'iecKie thckh pHMCKO-KaTOAHnecKOH ni.iaxTi.i ii eßpeftcTßa. Ilocjii 1852 roxa K). <E>. CaMapHHB 6oabnieHe cayatHAß. Ohb 6lmb npnBBaHB bb pexaicpioHiiyio KOMMHCciio no xt-iy ocßodoacxeHia KpecTtaHß h 6mb caMtiMß peBHOCTHHMB hocoShhkomb, cob4tHHKOMB H TOBapHHieMB H. A. MHAIOTHHa, COB.mT.ctho cb kh. ho ne bb KaneCTßt cnyataiițaro. Bb KaiecTiiT. BoaoiiTepa, cc.iii thkb moiecho BbipasHTbca, npHHa.iß ohb ynacTie Tarace H BB xtxt yCTpOHCTBa 6lITa nOABCKHXB KpeCTbhhb, BOS.ioiKeHiioio MoHapmeio bo.tcio na hokohHaro H. A. MnaiOTHna. *Ero snaaenie h pont bb 9THXB AByXB KanHTaALHtHIIIHXB FOCyXapCTBeHHHXB co(snTiaxß BHVTpeHHefi HauioHaMHou hoahthkhMO3K6TB 6mTB paCKpMTa H OH,tHeHa .IHUIb BHO" C.IiACTBiH... OXHO BppilO, ’ITO OHB HC.HOAHH.IB cboh rpajKxaHCKin xoafb, bbhbhihcb sa xt-io, koTopoe xopomo momo 6mtb pasptnieHO to.ibko rpaacxaHHHOMß. 3aTiMB ohb yKAona.ica otb oi|)<J)Hn;iajn>HOft c.iyiK6h, 110cBii111.an ce6a to nyâaHițHCTH’iecKHMß TpyAaMB, to sanaTiaMß 110 somckhmb h fopoackhmb yapescxeniaMß. IJpirniHy, noneMy bto 6i>mo thkb, OHB Cailß OOBHCHiI.IB BB OAHOMB HaCTHOMB HHCBM r h CAixyrouțHMß o6pa3OMB: „Tenepa, iiiica.iT. K)piii ’PexopoBMHB, saxana coctohtb ne bb tomb, hto6m H3MtHHTb h nepext.ibißaTL ynpesKxeHia... nyacHO TBopHTB ne yapeacxema, a Awdcw. TyTB oahhb nyTt: HCiiocpeACTßeiniaro, npaMaro xtftCTßia ne.ioßii;a na ’ie.Toii'l>i;a bb toh orpaiiM'ieiLiioii cijiepi, BB KOTOpoft .111'inoe BliiUlie MO3K6TB xtftCTBOBaTB. lIpHXOAHTCn AtniîTb H otfjKHFaTB JIOAOH, KaKB KHpnHHH. MoaceTß 6mtl, a OHiH6aK)Cb, npHHHMaa CBoe AHHHoe npH3BaHie 3a MaßHyio saxany Bpemchh; noKpaHHeft-Mispi thkobo Moe r.iydoKoe ySisKxenie I '. Botb no'iCMy CaMapHHB npexnoHHTaiß „orpaHH i ieHiiyio c<J)epy“ KaKOH-HHâyxt xyMH, hah compania, moaie niHpoKOMy nonpHHțy, na KOTopoe OHB HMiwIB npaßO HO CBOHMB XOCTOHHCTBaMB. K BB CAMOMB xtAt, 6FO AHHHO6 BAianie BO3AtHCTBO- na mhofhxb h mhofhxb. Kaiicxuii, c6ahshbmncb cb HHsiß, HeBOABHo 6paAß ero ceot 3a o6pa-3eițß, aceiaAß 6htb noxAt nero, pa6oTan> cb hhmb. CaMB H. A. Mhakthhb ne oTpnpaAß, a, HanpOTHBB, FOBOpHAB CB FAy6OKOK) npiißaiaTCAi.iiocTiio 0 BAianin, KOTopoe oaasaAß Ha nero CaMapHHB bb BeAHKyro gnoxy sanarifi peAaKpioHHoft KOMMHCCiH. • Ho xtaTeABHOCTb K). CaMapnna h ero B.iisinie ne orpaHHHHBaiHCb c<{)epoio o6m,ecTßeiiiioii OS<J»HH,iaABHOII HAH HeO(J)(J)HH,iaAbHOH AtaTCABHOCTH. Hah Bipute iphAbnaa narypa, Kopennoft pyccicift xapaKTepß CaMapnaa He mofb orpaHH'iHTbca tPmb, hto6m yitasaTb h, ecAH mojkho, nonpaßHTb nexoCTaTKH o6iii,ecTß,eiiHaro ycTpoftCTßa, 9Ta narypa cb Taitoio ace 'ivtkoctmo ycMarpHßaAa h xaßii.ia OTnopß BCaicoMy noKynieHiio na 3epno pyccKoft ACH3HH, KaKB OHB 6FO HOHHMa.TB, —OTKV.I,iI 6h H nepesß icanyio 6h o6jaciT, oho hh hphxoamo. CaMapHHB —9TO THHB 60H11,a-6oraTHpa, KOTOpMH 06HHMaa CBoe yMOMB h cepxpeMß, Bcerxa bo Bcaityio MHHyry fotobb 6hiab Ha ero oauijiTy h ceroxHa ohb 6hach KaHițeAapcKHMß nyreMß, osshițiaAßHHMH cpexcTßaMH; saßTpa nepoMß, khkb ny6ahh,hctb; enie xa-ite khkb ynenuii nscatxoßaTeAB, KaKB shaocosb h MopaxHCTB; opyjKie MiHaAOCb no TOJiy, bb icaicoMß bhaP hbahach npoTHBHHKB, HO 3aßtTHaa CBHTHHH, 3a KOTOpyiO OHB ctohab, 6nAa Bcerxa oxna h Ta-ace. 9i’a KpHTHHecKO-HOAeMHaecKaa CTpya cctl caMiiH cyiiiccTßeniiijii baomoetb bb ahhhocth CajiapHna: saKaAHBB cboh yMB iiTyieiiieMß shaoco(J)iH, OHB AIO6HAB Cliopbl, HOACMHKy, H ak>6hab hxb paxn AOCTHacenia exHHOMMCxia h coraacia. Kaicß CMOTpt.iB CaMapHHB na :iiia'ienie cnopa, iioacmhkh, CAyaciiTß AynniHMß AOKasaTeAtCTBOMB snanHTeAßnaa 'lacu, ero Tpyxoßß, hm4k)ihhxb noAeMHnecKifi xapaKTepß. InTepaTypnaa xtaTeAßHocTb CaMapHna, npoxoAacaßinaaca 32 roxa, npeHMynțecTßeH-

HO npOHHKHyTa KpHTHHeCKHMB H HOAeMHHeCKHMB xapaKTepoMß. Cnoco(iHOCTb ero kb HCTopniieciCHMß H3CAtAOBaniaMB H KB COIțiOAOrHHeCKHMB Hao.TlOxeniaMß 6AHCTaTexbHO npoaßAaeica bb ero MarHCTepcKOH AHCcepTaițin, bb ero otahhhomb hctopHKO-KpHTHiiecKOMB HSCAixoßaniH o6b o6nțecTßeHhomb ycTpofiCTß'h Phth, bb CTaTbaxß ero 0 it. KaseAHHt, HnaepHnii, kh. Opxoßt, o6b OCBOoOIKXeHiII KpeCTBHHB BB lIpyCCiH, BB IltlCOTopuxß MicTaxß ero khhth „lesyumw, Pocciu 11 . O()b ero ciioco6hocth Ha6AioxaTb h mîjtko onpeaPahte aßAenia o6iițecTßeHHOH hchshh hah napoxnaro 6nTa Bcero oo.ite CBHxiTeABCTByiOTB ero saMinaTeAbHiia cthtbh 0 pyccicofi ooiniurl; (bb CcmckomT) BjioMycmpoUcmen h Miioria Misera „OapaHHB 11 h aPHecMOTpa Ha yt.ii.iM paxß icpHTH'iecicHXß h HCTopHnecKHXB MiiC.itxoiiaiiiM, CaMapnna Bce-Taicn He.iT.3a iiasßaTT. yaenuMß: Hayna (Saxa jia Hero ne ițiiAiio, ho cpexcTBOMB: «Oht> sHaJit ofliioii juhiib lynti BJtacTß, O/țHy, ho nuaMeHHyio crpaciß», 9Ta CTpacTb 6i>iAa dessaßtTHaa h ocsiiopucTiiay npexaHHocTb CBoeii poxHHi h CBoeny napoxy. 3naKOMMH O’ieHT. XOpOHIO CB HCTOpieft H (JMTOMB APyriixß eßponeftcKHXß napoxoßß, ohb ropixy jicexaHieMß, HTOOM pyCCKifi HapOAB 3aHHMaXB AOCTOHHoe Micro bb icyAETypnoii ceMbi, ne toabko 110 oâHTaeMOMy hmb rpoMaxHOMy npocTpancTßy h ne HO CBOeft OH3HHeCKOfi TOAbKO CHAt, HO H HO CBOeny xyxoßHOMy pasßHTiio h BiiyTpeHHeMy ycTpoftctbv, 110 CBoeMy caMOCosnaHiio h caMOosAaxaiiiio. KaKB ciyacaupH 'lejoiiiicT,, khkb BOAOHTepB, npH3BaiiHbiH kb yiacTiio bb coßepineniH bcahkhxb rocyxapcTßeHHMXß petJiopMß, icaKß ny6.1111.1,11 ctb h yieyiiH, ohb hmP.ib bco oxsy h ly-ace pian h sopito CTOHAB Ha CTpaJKi pyCCKHXB HapOAHHXB HHTCpecoBB, paßaa nepeßiCß, BCatpcTßie oco6chhocth CBoero yMa, CTopoi-il. npaitTHHecitOH, itpHTHnecKOHOAeMHHeCKOH. Bo BCCMB 9TOMB OHB COSHaTCABHO H 6e3CO3HaTC.II.ITO CTpeMHACH KB AHHHOMy OCyiyeCTBAeHHO CAaBHHOiJiHAtCKHXB HxeaAOBB. 9th ii r iea.ii,i Bcerxa h BCioxy cocTaßxaxH cyHiccTiieniitiiinyio HOpKXapKy Bctxß ero pianiii, hah, Bipnte, caMH xtnaia 6bixh npHMtiieHieMß na npaitTHitt cxaBaHO(|>HAi>CKHXB Hpefi: ctohtb TOAbKO BCHOMHHTb: ocßodoiKpeHie pyCCKHXB KpeCTBHHB CB SeMAeft II ItpeCTbaHCItHMB caMoynpaßxenieMß, KOToparo hcBO3MOJKHO OTOpBaTb OTB CXaBHHOSHXBCItOM T6O-, — ocßo6osKxeHie hoabckhxb KpecTtaHß CB o6a3aTeXBHHMB BHKynOMB ItpeCTbaHCKOft 3631.111 II CB yCTpOHCTBOMB CeibCKOH HOAbCKOH TMHHIJ, no.ioiicHßHiee cpasy TBeppoe i-ia’ia.lo BoscianoBAeniio noxHonpaßia noxbCKaro Hapoxa, —sartMß pasodAanenia h ynasania, Kaitia cxixaxß CaMapHHB bb ptxaxß npn6axTificKaro Kpaa. IJpn6axTiftcKift Bonpocß, co6ctb6hho roßopa, ckmhmb cymecTßOßanieMß cbohmb oâasaHß CaMapany. t lto ptxaxocb bb Tpexß ryoepuiiixß, cocTaßxaioiyHXß Hainy iipHâaxTifiCKyio oicpanny, —bto iio'ith bobco ne 6mao iisiitCTHO pyccKOMy o6ni,ecTßy po noaßxenia HHceMB CaMapHna; ero HHCbMa 6h.ih nopoXOBMMB BSpiABOMB, Cpa3y lipo6HBHIHMB OpeiHT. BB SaKOXpOBaHHOH CTtllt. SaMtnaTexbHo, tio pante bb thkomb yneiiOMß Tpypt, KaKB H3caipoßaHie ero o6b iesyHTaxß, CaMapHHB Bbiitasaxß iiopasHTexbnyio npaKTHHHOCTi,. 06b iesyirraxT. xamio h mhofo nucaxn; ho 061.1KHOBenHO npn btomb pasdHpaxH npaßHxa, ycTpofictbo iesynTCitaro opxena, HsaaraxH HCTOpiPiecKie (fiaiiTi.i, craiia Bce 9to nopß hhcto HCTopii'iecKiii yroxß sptnia, t. e. CTapaacb OTucKaTb iipiH’miii.i h cxtpcTßia. CaMapHHB bb cbocmb coHiiiieniH „lesyHTH bb Poccin" npepnpHHaxß cobc4mb hoBoe ii Tpypnoe pixo: ohb pascMOTpt.iß iesynicitia coTHHenia, hxb chctcmm, yne6HHKH, iioyieHia, H Co6CTBeHHMMH HXB CAOBaMH BOCnpOH3BeXB naraapno n HeonpoßepacnMO 6e3HpaßCTßeHHyio iesyHTCKyro poKTpnny. Mojkho pyMaTb, tto 3a6ora 0 BcecTopoHiieMß, npaitTHnecKOMß ocyiyecTßxemH cxaßanoiJinxbCKOH Teopin h BH3MBaxa CaMapHna na ero Heo6biKHObchho pa3HOo6pa3Hyio h HHorpa, noBnpHMOMy, ne BaatHyio pa6ory bb BBanin ’-uciia ropopcKoft pyMbi, raacnaro seMCKaro compania, 'itreiia yan-

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